Leadership Behaviors of Frontline Nurse Managers: A Mixed-Methods Research Study Identifying Essential Areas for Social Support.

OBJECTIVE

This study examined how frontline nurse managers (FLNMs) perceive and experience formal and informal social support and how personal factors and social support relate to their transformational leadership (TL) behaviors.

BACKGROUND

Ineffective leadership by FLNMs is associated with costly outcomes. Evidence suggests that leadership development is a function of personal and social factors; however, a better understanding of this process is needed.

METHODS

A convergent mixed-methods design was used. The quantitative strand included a cross-sectional survey in a sample of FLNMs. The qualitative strand used a semistructured interview and a descriptive qualitative approach with a subset of this sample.

RESULTS

Formal and informal social support is positively related to the TL behaviors of FLNMs as evidenced by the convergent data. The influence of family members in the work-related decisions of FLNMs has been underreported in the literature and is an area for consideration in supporting retention and desired leadership behaviors.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study imply a need for organizations to establish systems that endorse the growth of FLNMS, create opportunities for career advancement, and integrate members of the FLNMs' personal support systems into recognition initiatives.