[Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of primary blepharospasm (2026)].

Primary blepharospasm (PBS) is a form of focal dystonia characterized by involuntary, intermittent, or sustained contractions of the orbicularis oculi and periorbital muscles, resulting in involuntary eyelid closure. In clinical practice, PBS has received insufficient attention, and ophthalmologists often have limited experience in its diagnosis and treatment. Its early symptoms can be easily confused with other conditions, such as dry eye disease, leading to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis, which delays treatment. As PBS is a progressive disorder, it may extend to adjacent regions, increasing treatment difficulty and negatively affecting patients' quality of life. Currently, there is no curative treatment for PBS, and standardized approaches for symptomatic relief remain lacking. To improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment of PBS, the Ophthalmic and Visual Science Committee of the Chinese Research Hospital Association convened experts from relevant specialties. Based on a comprehensive review and assessment of relevant literature from both domestic and international sources, and following standardized methodologies for guideline and consensus development, the panel formulated consensus-based recommendations addressing 11 clinical questions related to the diagnosis and treatment of PBS. These recommendations are intended to serve as a reference for Chinese ophthalmologists and healthcare professionals involved in the PBS-related health management.