Current developments and future directions in androgen receptor targets using nano-based therapeutics for the management of cancer.

Nanoformulated androgen receptor (AR) antagonists constitute a cutting-edge advancement in the treatment of AR-driven cancers by significantly enhancing the precision and effectiveness of therapy. These nanoparticle-based formulations are uniquely designed to simultaneously inhibit AR-driven transcription and critical signaling pathways involved in tumor progression and drug resistance, including PI3K/AKT and MAPK cascades. The distinctive properties of nanoparticles, such as improved bioavailability, controlled and sustained drug release, and active tumor targeting, enable these AR antagonists to achieve higher intratumoral concentrations and minimize off-target effects. This targeted delivery system not only overcomes common resistance mechanisms seen with conventional AR antagonists but also facilitates the co-delivery of multiple agents for synergistic therapeutic action. This review highlights how nanoformulated AR antagonists hold immense potential to transform cancer management by providing more effective, durable responses and a foundation for personalized, multi-pathway-targeted treatment strategies in advanced and resistant cancers. Their development addresses critical clinical challenges, offering a promising pathway to improve patient outcomes and fill significant gaps in current oncologic therapies.