Biomarkers of Intestinal Permeability in Metabolic Disease.

Promising biomarkers of intestinal permeability in metabolic disease include lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria and its binding proteins (soluble cluster of differentiation 14, lipopolysaccharide binding protein) and zonulin, which is associated with the transfer of microbial products into the circulation, thus leading to systemic chronic inflammation and worsening metabolic status. Occludin and intestinal-type fatty-acid binding protein are particularly increased in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and cardiometabolic diseases, in which case they predict subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events and stroke. The assessment of intestinal permeability can provide information regarding the relationship between intestinal leakage and the development of certain diseases, as predictor of disease severity and treatment effectiveness. Therefore, this review aims to provide a basis for better understanding the relationship between intestinal permeability, non-invasive biomarkers, and metabolic disease.