A simple and rapid pre-clinical in vivo model reveals comparative cardiotoxicity profiles of kinase inhibitors.

Despite significant success, targeted therapeutics such as kinase inhibitors (KIs) still pose adverse events such as the cardiotoxicity. There is a lot of variation in the type and intensity of cardiotoxicity caused by different KIs and current pre-clinical models are inadequate to predict it. Thus, there is a need to develop more simple and rapid models for screening of novel KIs at the pre-clinical step itself. We thus aimed to establish a rapid and robust pre-clinical animal model for predicting cardiotoxicity of KIs and identify comparative cardiotoxicity profiles of a panel of FDA-approved KIs. Heart rate measurement and survival analysis of Daphnia was performed at regular intervals following treatment with ten KIs that were approved for the treatment of various cancers. The heart rates of Daphnia as well as the survival varied between KIs in a dose and time dependent manner suggesting differential cardiotoxicity profiles of various KIs. Further, the correlation between the cardiotoxicity and survival also varied among the ten KIs. Importantly, sorafenib and vemurafenib displayed maximum and least cardiotoxicity, respectively. The comparative cardiotoxicity profiles also are in conformity with the previous studies indicating the utility of Daphnia as a valuable and relevant animal model to rapidly predict the cardiotoxicity of novel KIs at a pre-clinical stage.