L-phenylalanine induces cutin and wax biosynthesis in muskmelon fruit epidermis via fatty acid and triterpenoid pathways.

This study explored the effects of preharvest L-Phenylalanine (L-Phe) sprays on cuticle development and associated lipid metabolism in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit. Spraying 8 mM L-Phe during fruit growth increased cuticle thickness and the accumulation of hydroxy fatty acids, fatty alcohols, alkanes, and triterpenoids. L-Phe enhanced the activities of key enzymes (FAT, LACS, FAR, SQE, OSC) and upregulated genes involved in fatty acid elongation, hydroxylation, alkane and triterpenoid biosynthesis. It also increased ATP-binding cassette (ABCG) transporter and lipid transfer protein (LTP) expression, facilitating transmembrane transport and deposition of wax and cutin monomers. Consequently, treated fruits formed a denser epidermal barrier and improved peel integrity. These findings demonstrate that exogenous L-Phe regulates cutin and wax biosynthesis at both enzymatic and transcriptional levels, providing a theoretical basis for using amino acid treatments to strengthen fruit epidermis and enhance postharvest storability.