Brain sciences · 2025
The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Coping with Subjective Cognitive Complaints: An Exploratory Study of People with Parkinson's Disease (PwPD).
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Siri Chiara, Carollo Anna, Biundo Roberta, Crepaldi Maura, Weis Luca, Isaias Ioannis Ugo, Antonini Angelo, Rusconi Maria Luisa, Canesi Margherita
Аннотация
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Depression, anxiety and apathy are often associated with subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) without cognitive impairment. Cognitive reserve (CR) enhances emotional resilience, allowing people to better cope with stress and emotional challenges, factors affecting quality of life. We aimed to explore the relationship between CR and mood/anxiety in cognitively intact PwPD with and without SCCs.
METHODS: In this cross-sectional study we enrolled 133 PwPD and normal cognitive function (age 59.8 ± 6.7 years; disease duration 9.0 ± 5.5 years; male/female 84/49). We assessed cognitive reserve (CR scale), subjective cognitive complaints (with PD-CFRS), QoL (PDQ8), mood, anxiety and apathy (BDI-II; STAI, PAS, Apathy scales). We used a t-test to compare groups (with/without SCC; M/F); correlations and moderation analysis to evaluate the relation between CR and behavioral features and the interplay between CR, behavioral discomfort and QoL.
RESULTS: The group with SCCs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher scores in PDQ8, Apathy, STAI, PAS-C and BDI-II scales than those with no SCCs. Males with SCCs had higher scores in PDQ8, Apathy scale and BDI-II while females differed in PDQ8 and Apathy scale scores. In the SCC group, late-life CR was negatively correlated with PAS-C (avoidance behavior) and BDI-II; correlations were confirmed in the male group where CR also correlated with PDQ-8 and PAS persistent anxiety.
CONCLUSIONS: PwPD and SCCs are more depressed and anxious compared to people without SCCs. Furthermore, we found a relationship between depressive symptoms, anxiety and CR: PwPD with SCCs may rely on cognitive reserve to better cope with the feeling of anxiety and depression, especially in male gender.
METHODS: In this cross-sectional study we enrolled 133 PwPD and normal cognitive function (age 59.8 ± 6.7 years; disease duration 9.0 ± 5.5 years; male/female 84/49). We assessed cognitive reserve (CR scale), subjective cognitive complaints (with PD-CFRS), QoL (PDQ8), mood, anxiety and apathy (BDI-II; STAI, PAS, Apathy scales). We used a t-test to compare groups (with/without SCC; M/F); correlations and moderation analysis to evaluate the relation between CR and behavioral features and the interplay between CR, behavioral discomfort and QoL.
RESULTS: The group with SCCs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher scores in PDQ8, Apathy, STAI, PAS-C and BDI-II scales than those with no SCCs. Males with SCCs had higher scores in PDQ8, Apathy scale and BDI-II while females differed in PDQ8 and Apathy scale scores. In the SCC group, late-life CR was negatively correlated with PAS-C (avoidance behavior) and BDI-II; correlations were confirmed in the male group where CR also correlated with PDQ-8 and PAS persistent anxiety.
CONCLUSIONS: PwPD and SCCs are more depressed and anxious compared to people without SCCs. Furthermore, we found a relationship between depressive symptoms, anxiety and CR: PwPD with SCCs may rely on cognitive reserve to better cope with the feeling of anxiety and depression, especially in male gender.