Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: renewed opportunity for tuberculosis control.

New recommendations for targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection have recently been published. Changes in nomenclature from screening to targeted tuberculin testing and from preventive therapy to treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) are intended to promote more widespread implementation by programs and health care providers. Targeted tuberculin testing is designed to identify persons at high risk for TB and is discouraged for persons at low risk. New recommendations for treatment of LTBI in both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected patients include isoniazid for 9 months as the preferred regimen: isoniazid for 6 months based on local program conditions, rifampin and pyrazinamide for 2 months, and rifampin for 4 months. Treatment monitoring now places greater emphasis on clinical, rather than routine, laboratory monitoring. More widespread implementation of targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of LTBI is an important control strategy that will enhance efforts to eliminate TB in the United States.