ART with PGD: Risky heredity and stratified reproduction.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was developed to allow women/couples at risk of having a child with 'severe and incurable' hereditary disease to produce embryos through in-vitro fertilization, followed by implantation of embryos devoid of mutated genes, allowing the birth of children free of the pathology present in the family. This article examines the highly regulated practice of PGD in France, the highly deregulated practice of PGD in the USA and Brazil, and the extensive use of this biomedical technology in Israel, and highlights the ways that distinct national policies produce distinct definitions of risk and different norms, standards and rules. PGD, this article argues, is a situated practice. Shaped to an important extent by legal and economic constraints, it displays the ways that new technologies continuously reframe our definitions of the normal and the pathological.