Integrating plant lipid signaling with its membrane environment.

Plant cells generate lipid messengers such as phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, and phosphoinositides through rapid phospholipid remodeling, enabling the regulation of stress responses, ion transport, cytoskeletal organization, and membrane trafficking. Although the enzymatic pathways responsible for lipid interconversion are well characterized, lipid signaling is not merely a linear biochemical process but is profoundly shaped by the membrane environment in which it occurs. Accumulating evidence indicates that membrane composition, electrostatic properties, lipid packing, nanoscale and microscale organization, and inter-organelle connectivity refine and modulate enzyme activation, substrate accessibility, the diversity of lipid messengers, and the recruitment of effectors. In this review, we summarize the major enzymatic systems underlying plant lipid signaling and examine how biophysical and spatial features of membranes could modulate their activity and outputs. We further discuss emerging experimental and computational approaches that enable lipid signaling to be investigated within its native membrane environment, supporting a membrane-centered view of lipid-mediated cellular regulation.