Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Pneumonitis Complicated by Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in COPD: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.

Checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis complicated by invasive pulmonary aspergillosis represents a diagnostic challenge in ICI-treated patients, particularly those with COPD receiving corticosteroid therapy. Persistent or worsening respiratory abnormalities despite immunosuppressive treatment should prompt reassessment for superimposed fungal infection, including bronchoscopy, BALF analysis, and microbiologic testing to facilitate diagnosis and targeted therapy.