Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcome of Immune-Mediated Neuropathies (IMNs) following Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Immune-mediated neuropathies (IMNs) following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have been described recently, which, excluding Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, may present with atypical patterns. This retrospective, nested, case-control study reviewed data from 3858 patients who received haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) during the past 10 years at a single center, and 40 patients (1.04%) with IMN following haplo-HSCT were identified. Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) (P = .043) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia (P = .035) were recognized as independent risk factors for the development of IMN after haplo-HSCT. There were no significant differences in overall survival (P = .619), disease-free survival (P = .609), nonrelapse mortality (P = .87), or the incidence of relapse (P = .583) between patients with and without IMN after haplo-HSCT. However, patients with post-transplant IMN were at higher risk of developing cGVHD (P = .012) than patients who did not develop IMN. Twenty-four of the 40 patients with IMN (60%) attained neurologic improvement after treatments including vitamins B1 and B12 and/or immunomodulatory agents. However, 19 (47.5%) patients still had persistent motor/sensory deficits despite receiving timely treatment. More studies are needed to help develop standardized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with post-transplant IMN.