Human placental decellularized extracellular matrix improves pancreatic progenitor differentiation from human embryonic stem cells compared with defined extracellular matrix protein substrates.

Latanoprost (Xalatan) is an ester analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha that reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing uveoscleral outflow. The IOP-lowering efficacy of latanoprost 0.005% lasts for up to 24 hours after a single topical dose, which allows for a once-daily dosage regimen. In patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma, a single drop of latanoprost 0.005% solution (about 1.5 microg) administered topically once daily reduced diurnal IOP by 22 to 39% over 1 to 12 months' treatment in well-controlled trials; efficacy was maintained during treatment periods of up to 2 years. At this dosage, latanoprost was significantly more effective than timolol 0.5% twice daily in 3 of 4 large, double-blind, randomised studies, was generally as effective as bimatoprost or travoprost, and was significantly more effective than dorzolamide, brimonidine or unoprostone. Furthermore, in patients whose IOP was poorly controlled with timolol, switching to latanoprost monotherapy was at least as effective at lowering IOP as adding dorzolamide or pilocarpine to the regimen. Latanoprost has also shown significant additive effects when used in combination with one or more other glaucoma medications. The fixed combination of latanoprost plus timolol was significantly more effective than either of its individual components in two double-blind randomised studies and more effective than the fixed combination of dorzolamide and timolol in a 3-month, evaluator-masked study. Data in patients with angle-closure glaucoma are limited, but in patients with elevated IOP after undergoing iridotomy, latanoprost 0.005% once daily was significantly more effective than timolol 0.5% twice daily at reducing IOP over 12 weeks of treatment in a large double-blind, randomised study. Latanoprost is generally well tolerated and, unlike timolol, induces minimal systemic adverse events. In well-controlled, 6-month trials, the most commonly occurring drug-related ocular events in latanoprost recipients were mild to moderate conjunctival hyperaemia (3 to 15%) and iris colour change (2 to 9%); these seldom required patient withdrawal although the latter may be permanent. Latanoprost 0.005% as a single daily drop has shown good IOP-lowering efficacy in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and does not produce the cardiopulmonary adverse effects associated with beta-blockers. Thus, latanoprost is a valuable addition to the first-line treatment options for patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. In addition, adjunctive treatment with latanoprost in patients who are refractory to beta-blocker therapy is a viable, second-line treatment option. Although preliminary findings are promising, wider clinical experience is required to define the place of latanoprost in the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma.