Transdermal, Infusion, and Surgical Therapies and Effect on Sleep Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease.

Sleep dysfunction is dominant in patients on oral dopamine replacement therapies as nighttime therapy is suboptimal and often not attempted. Non oral infusion-based Parkinson's disease (PD) therapies, transdermal therapies, as well as deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) bridge this gap and provide nighttime cover in most cases in PD. DBS of the STN also show significant improvement in PD sleep scale scores and improvement in sleep quality. Apart from the Euroinf 2 study, comparative data on nonmotor and sleep symptoms comparing DBS with infusion therapies are scarce and are much needed for future.