Isolation of Pilobolus spp. from the northern elk herd in Yellowstone National Park.

Pilobolus spp. were recovered from all fecal samples collected from an elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) herd in Yellowstone National Park (USA) with a high prevalence of Dictyocaulus viviparus infection. Pilobolus spp. have been shown to be important in the epizootiology of D. viviparus infections in cattle because these fungi aid in dissemination of larvae away from feces to areas where animals are more likely to ingest them, and protect larvae against dehydration and thus prolong survival. The same mechanism of dissemination of D. viviparus larvae may play a role in the epizootiology of these infections in elk.