[Ultrasonography of the ventral cervical soft tissues in dogs - an underestimated diagnostic method in the evaluation of mass lesions].

ABSTRACT: Ventral cervical masses present a diagnostic challenge in dogs, as patient history and clinical examination alone frequently do not reveal their origin or cause. Ultrasonography is considered the imaging modality of choice. It allows detailed evaluation of anatomical structures without radiation exposure and usually without the need for anesthesia. Proper patient positioning (dorsal recumbency with extended head), clipping and the use of a high-frequency linear transducer are essential. A systematic approach based on anatomical landmarks - starting at the larynx and trachea, proceeding to the salivary glands and lymph nodes to blood vessels - is crucial for accurate assessment.

ABSTRACT: A thorough understanding of the physiologic sonographic anatomy of the neck structures is mandatory to identify pathological changes. Key evaluation criteria for cervical masses include location, size, extent, margins, echogenicity, echotexture and vascularity. For example, anechoic lesions typically indicate fluid-filled structures, while enlarged hypoechoic lymph nodes may suggest inflammatory or neoplastic processes. Abscesses usually appear as cavities with thick walls, and foreign bodies are clearly visible when they exhibit a smooth, linear, echogenic, sound-attenuating surface and are surrounded by fluid. Thyroid tumors are frequently large and heterogeneous, sometimes with mineralization. The differentiation between benign and malignant lesions, however, is not possible based on ultrasound alone.

ABSTRACT: A major advantage of ultrasonography is the ability to guide interventions. Fine-needle aspiration or biopsy enables cytological or histopathological diagnosis. Additionally, foreign bodies can ideally be removed with minimally invasive procedures under ultrasound guidance.