β2- and β1-Adrenoceptor Expression Exhibits a Common Regulatory Pattern With GRK2 and GRK5 in Human and Animal Models of Cardiovascular Diseases.

To explore if genic expression of β(1)- or β(2)-adrenoceptors (ARs) exhibits a common regulatory pattern with G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 2, GRK3, or GRK5 expression, we determined messenger RNA levels for these genes in different tissues from human and animal models of cardiovascular disease. We measured genic expression by qRT polymerase chain reaction in the left and right ventricles or peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy (n = 21), hypertensive (n = 20), heart failure (n = 24), and heart transplanted patients (n = 17) or in left ventricle, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and kidney from spontaneously hypertensive rats or L-N-methyl-arginine-induced hypertensive rats and their respective controls (n = 4-5). In diseased versus healthy subjects and rats, parallel changes in messenger RNA levels of GRK2 and β(2)-AR or GRK5 and β(1)-AR were observed in each territory. Therefore, without excluding other regulatory mechanisms, the parallelism observed suggests a common regulatory pattern for the β(1)-AR/GRK5 and β(2)-AR/GRK2 genes, which is independent of cellular type or pathology. This highlights the need to focus not only on GRKs but also on β(1)- or β(2)-AR changes to completely understand the involvement of β-AR/GRK pathways in cardiovascular diseases.