The Future of Exon Skipping for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-mediated exon skipping can restore the open reading frame of dystrophin transcripts for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. This allows production of internally deleted dystrophin proteins as found in the later onset, less severely progressive Becker muscular dystrophy. At present, ASOs that induce exon skipping and dystrophin restoration are approved for the treatment of DMD by the regulatory agencies of the United States and Japan. However, approval was based on restoration of very small amounts of dystrophin and the approved ASOs apply to only a subset of patients. This expert perspective evaluates ways to improve ASO efficiency that are currently in or close to clinical trials, as well as ways to improve applicability of this mutation-specific approach.