Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced cholangitis-a three-case series.

Over the last decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have dramatically improved the systemic treatment of multiple solid tumour types. However, they can also induce inflammation in an extensive range of normal tissues types. The entity of ICI-induced cholangitis is rare and has not been widely described. We present three cases of ICI-induced cholangitis which illustrate the difficulties associated with its diagnosis and management. We also present associated radiological findings that include intrahepatic duct abnormalities consistent with sclerosing cholangitis-progressive worsening of intrahepatic duct dilatation and pericholecystic haziness suggesting inflammation characteristic of this rare, but severe, toxicity.