Ergonomics.

This review provides an evidence-based overview of ergonomics in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery, with guidance for optimizing positioning during in-office and operative procedures. Herein, we summarize recent findings highlighting the prevalence of musculoskeletal (MSK) pain among Otolaryngology, Head and Neck (OHN) surgeons and outline validated ergonomic risk assessment tools. Strategies for equipment and posture optimization are organized by visualization modality-open, endoscopic/exoscopic, microscopic, and robotic. We conclude with effective interventions to prevent and manage MSK disorders in the surgical workforce.