Polish archives of internal medicine · 2026
Assessment of the type 2 diabetes risk using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire, and its predictors at the population level in Poland.
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Kozela Magdalena, Dziewierz Artur, Koziara Karolina, Kowalska-Bobko Iwona, Biondi-Zoccai Giuseppe, Zelek Leszek, Sielski Janusz, Kaziród-Wolski Karol, Siudak Zbigniew
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a major public health challenge in Poland. This study investigated geographic heterogeneity and municipality‑level ecological predictors of a high T2D risk in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Poland), a region undergoing rapid socioeconomic transition.
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify associations between the T2D risk, assessed by the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC), and socioeconomic and environmental factors.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study analyzed data from 252 427 residents of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship aged 45-64 years, without diagnosed diabetes, who participated in a regional prevention program (2019-2022). Individual risk, assessed via the FINDRISC questionnaire, was linked with municipality‑level ecological data. We used a logistic regression model with municipality‑clustered standard errors to identify predictors of a high T2D risk (FINDRISC ≥15).
RESULTS: Overall, 13.6% of the participants were at a high risk of diabetes (FINDRISC ≥15), with significant geographic variation (P <0.001). Among municipality‑level predictors, higher unemployment rate was significantly associated with increased odds of a high T2D risk (odds ratio [OR], 1.14 per 1% increase; P <0.001), whereas higher proportions of legally disabled residents and higher annual mean concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or smaller were inversely associated with the prevalence of a high T2D risk (OR, 0.98; P = 0.03 and OR, 0.92 per 1 μg/m3; P = 0.001, respectively). Results were robust across sensitivity analyses using alternative FINDRISC cutoffs.
CONCLUSIONS: Unemployment was a key population‑level determinant of a high T2D risk, whereas other socioeconomic and environmental factors showed null or inverse associations. These findings underscore the importance of considering local context when assessing population‑level health determinants.
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify associations between the T2D risk, assessed by the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC), and socioeconomic and environmental factors.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study analyzed data from 252 427 residents of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship aged 45-64 years, without diagnosed diabetes, who participated in a regional prevention program (2019-2022). Individual risk, assessed via the FINDRISC questionnaire, was linked with municipality‑level ecological data. We used a logistic regression model with municipality‑clustered standard errors to identify predictors of a high T2D risk (FINDRISC ≥15).
RESULTS: Overall, 13.6% of the participants were at a high risk of diabetes (FINDRISC ≥15), with significant geographic variation (P <0.001). Among municipality‑level predictors, higher unemployment rate was significantly associated with increased odds of a high T2D risk (odds ratio [OR], 1.14 per 1% increase; P <0.001), whereas higher proportions of legally disabled residents and higher annual mean concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or smaller were inversely associated with the prevalence of a high T2D risk (OR, 0.98; P = 0.03 and OR, 0.92 per 1 μg/m3; P = 0.001, respectively). Results were robust across sensitivity analyses using alternative FINDRISC cutoffs.
CONCLUSIONS: Unemployment was a key population‑level determinant of a high T2D risk, whereas other socioeconomic and environmental factors showed null or inverse associations. These findings underscore the importance of considering local context when assessing population‑level health determinants.