Comprehensive genomic insights into a highly pathogenic clone ST656 of mcr8.1 containing multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from Bangladesh.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global health issue, intensified by the spread of resistant pathogens like Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), which frequently causes hospital-acquired infections. This study focuses on a multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae sequence type (ST) 656 strain, isolated from canal water in Bangladesh. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis revealed extensive resistance mechanisms and genetic elements underlying its adaptability. The strain exhibited resistance to colistin and multiple β-lactam antibiotics, containing key resistance genes such as mcr8.1, blaLAP-2, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-11 and blaOXA-1, alongside genes for copper, zinc, and silver resistance, indicating survival capability in metal-rich environments. Virulence factor analysis identified genes supporting adhesion, biofilm formation, and immune evasion, amplifying its pathogenic potential. Plasmid and phage analyses revealed mobile genetic elements, highlighting the role of horizontal gene transfer in AMR dissemination. The study included a pangenome analysis using a dataset of 32 publicly available K. pneumoniae sequence type (ST) 656 genomes, demonstrating evidence of an expanding pangenome for K. pneumoniae ST656. This study emphasized the role of environmental sources in AMR spread and the importance of continued surveillance, particularly in settings with intensive antibiotic usage, to mitigate the spread of high-risk, multidrug-resistant clones like K. pneumoniae ST656.