Perovskite-based optoelectronics: from controlled materials synthesis to sustainable device integration.

Metal halide perovskites have emerged as a premier class of semiconductor materials for next-generation optoelectronics, yet their practical deployment remains constrained by intrinsic chemical instability and inefficient interfacial charge transport. This review provides an overview of recent advances in perovskite-based optoelectronics, underscoring multiscale engineering strategies from precisely controlled materials synthesis to sustainable device integration. At the nanoscale, we highlight innovative strategies for stabilizing colloidal perovskite nanocrystals, focusing on surface ligand design, discrete multi-shelled encapsulation, and robust bulk matrix embedding to overcome the dynamic lability of conventional surface ligands. Integrating these robust building blocks into high-performance devices, we examine advances in electron transport layer engineering, functional interfacial modification, and meniscus-assisted solution printing for scalable manufacturing. These concerted efforts have driven substantial progress across a diverse array of applications, including high-efficiency photovoltaics, monolithic energy conversion-storage systems, polarization-sensitive photodetectors, and stable white light-emitting diodes. Finally, we provide perspectives on future challenges and opportunities, emphasizing the necessity of closed-loop recycling and system-level multifunctional integration to propel the sustainable and commercial realization of perovskite technologies.