Bovine fluid therapy.

The paper emphasizes that fluids are generally given to cattle in insufficient quantities. Estimation of the state of hydration and calculation of requirements for replacement and maintenance for 24h is essential. Administration routes of choice are discussed. Acid-base balance, the relative importance of bicarbonate, K, Na, Ca, glucose and blood and precautions regarding typical South African conditions are discussed. Several examples of cases are presented, as are tables and formulae for calculation and replacement of fluid. The paper is essentially a practical guide for clinicians.