Negative interaction of aspirin and streptokinase in acute ischemic stroke: further analysis of the Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial-Italy.

Topical roflumilast, available in 0.3% cream, 0.15% cream, and 0.3% foam formulations, is a novel, highly potent phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor that was recently approved in Canada for the treatment of plaque psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis, respectively. Topical formulations were shown in clinical trials to significantly improve disease symptoms with excellent tolerability and minimal adverse events. An oral form of roflumilast has also been approved in Canada since 2010 for the maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The product monograph for topical roflumilast currently references a substantial amount of safety information specific to the oral formulation due to a lack of long-term safety data. Furthermore, no formal drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with topical roflumilast, nor in special populations in whom oral roflumilast is contraindicated. Due to the impact that the route of administration has on the pharmacokinetic profile of a drug and its subsequent ability to produce undesirable or toxic effects, this presents a challenge for pharmacists who are tasked with determining how to best interpret and communicate this safety information to patients. This paper reviews the safety information contained within the product monograph for topical roflumilast in the context of the pharmacokinetic differences between the topical and oral formulations. The impact of the route of administration on adverse effect risk, drug-drug interactions, and contraindications is highlighted, and practical guidance is provided to assist pharmacists in interpreting and applying this information in practice.