Characteristics of IL-9 induced by Schistosoma japonicum infection in C57BL/6 mouse liver.

Liver granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis were the primary pathological changes observed during Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection. In the present study, the characteristics of IL-9 were investigated in the liver of S. japonicum infection C57BL/6 mice. Immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, and ELISA results demonstrated that the expression of IL-9 significantly increased after infection (P < 0.01). FACS results indicated that the peak of IL-9+ Th9 cells in the liver mononuclear cells appeared at the early phase of infection (week 5), except that Th9 cells, CD8+ Tc cells, NKT and γδT cells could secrete IL-9 in this model. Although IL-9 neutralization has a limited effect on liver granulomatous inflammation, it could decrease the level of fibrosis-associated factor, PC-III, in the serum of infected mice (P < 0.05). Taken together, our results indicated that IL-9 was an important type of cytokine involved in the progression of S. japonicum infection-induced hepatic damage.