Multi-omics reveals that streptomycin sulfate induces obesity in Halyomorpha halys by disrupting the gut microbiome-metabolome axis.

The global obesity epidemic is linked to antibiotic exposure, yet mechanisms remain unclear. We found that streptomycin sulfate (SM) exposure induced obesity in Halyomorpha halys. Using a multi-omics approach (16S rRNA sequencing, metabolomics, and transcriptomics), we demonstrated that SM restructured the gut microbiome in a sex-specific manner and dysregulated key metabolic pathways. Integrated analysis revealed a robust network linking altered gut bacteria, disrupted metabolites, and host transcriptional responses. Our findings establish that SM promotes obesity by disrupting the gut microbiome-metabolome interface, providing mechanistic insights into antibiotic-induced metabolic dysfunction.