Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer's Disease: A Novel Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategy and Diagnostic Biomarker.

With the ongoing trend of population aging worldwide, the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is steadily increasing. In the absence of effective therapeutic options for atypical forms of AD, reducing its prevalence and improving treatment outcomes have become pressing priorities. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have attracted growing attention as a new cell-free therapeutic approach for AD due to their high stability, low immunogenicity, and minimal tumorigenic risk. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathological mechanisms underlying AD, highlights the diagnostic potential of MSC-EVs, and elaborates on their therapeutic advantages and mechanisms of action. Furthermore, it addresses the key challenges and considerations associated with the clinical translation of MSC-EVs.