Exercise Impacts Liver Disease: Balancing Metabolic and Immune Homeostasis.

Liver diseases pose a significant global health burden. This review systematically elucidates the crucial role of exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention in the prevention and treatment of various liver conditions, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Exercise effectively delays disease progression and improves patients' quality of life through multi-targeted mechanisms, such as improving glucose and lipid metabolism, enhancing insulin sensitivity, regulating immune-inflammatory responses, inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation, and remodeling the tumor microenvironment. Future research should focus on developing individualized, precise exercise prescriptions and further exploring its molecular mechanisms by integrating multi-omics technologies, thereby providing innovative strategies for the comprehensive management of liver diseases.