Reconstructing the female reproductive system using 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering.

Three-dimensional bioprinting enables the precise fabrication of complex biological tissues through the layer-by-layer deposition of living cells and biomaterials, offering a promising strategy for reconstructing the female reproductive system. This technology has facilitated the development of in vitro models for tissues such as the endometrium, ovary, cervix, and vagina, providing improved structural fidelity and functional relevance. By leveraging bioinks, including decellularized extracellular matrix and advanced bioprinting techniques, researchers can recreate the intricate microarchitectures and vascular networks required for tissue functionality. These bioprinted systems serve as high-fidelity microphysiological systems for studying reproductive health, modeling disease progression, and evaluating therapeutic responses. Moreover, the integration of artificial intelligence into bioprinting workflows enhances reproducibility, scalability, and patient-specific customization. This review summarizes recent advances in reproductive tissue bioprinting and highlights its potential to transform regenerative gynecology and personalized reproductive healthcare.