Conservation of Indigenous Pig Breeds in Vietnam: Genetic Characterization, Conservation Strategies, and Future Perspectives.

Indigenous pig breeds in Vietnam represent an important genetic reservoir, offering traits adapted to local environments, cultural preferences, and disease resistance. However, rapid industrialization and the expansion of commercial breeds have endangered many indigenous populations. This review explores the trajectory of conservation efforts for Vietnamese local pig breeds, from the early use of microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA to recent advances in SNP genotyping. Firstly, we summarize the key characteristics and values of 26 local breeds. Secondly, we highlight key findings on genetic diversity, population structure, and inbreeding levels across major breeds. In addition, we discuss challenges in the development of conservation breeding programs and national strategies, as well as challenges in data generation, infrastructure, and policy implementation and provide potential solutions for these challenges. This review provides the first integrated synthesis linking breed-level genetic evidence to practical conservation recommendations for indigenous pigs in Vietnam. By identifying the key breeds for conservation priority, such as Huong, Van Pa, Soc, ChuProng, Co Aluoi, and Lung Pu, as well as highlighting the exotic introgression in H'mong pig populations, this review might provide a resource for sustainable conservation and use of Vietnam's rich pig genetic resources.