Autonomic nervous system and arrhythmias in structural heart disease.

The autonomic nervous system functions in a fine-tuned manner to dynamically modulate cardiac function during normal physiological state. Autonomic dysregulation in cardiac disease states such as myocardial infarction and heart failure alters this fine balance, which in turn promotes disease progression and arrhythmogenesis. Neuromodulatory interventions that aim to restore this balance at distinct levels of the cardiac neuraxis thus have been shown to be effective in the treatment of arrhythmias. This review first describes the anatomy of the cardiac autonomic nervous system and the pathological changes that occur with neural remodeling in the setting of scar and cardiomyopathy, followed by therapeutic interventions for neuraxial modulation of arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachyarrhythmias.