Crosstalk between anti-angiogenic and pro-angiogenic pathways in disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.

Angiogenesis, which entails the sprouting of new blood vessels from existing ones, is a critical process in normal development and tissue repair. However, when dysregulated, it contributes to a variety of diseases, including cancer, ischemic disorders, and chronic inflammation. Central to these processes are key factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Recent research has focused on therapeutic modulation of angiogenesis, employing both anti-angiogenic and pro-angiogenic strategies to regulate these pathways. Anti-angiogenic therapies primarily target the VEGF pathway to inhibit vessel formation, thereby reducing tumor vascularization in cancer and preventing abnormal blood vessel growth in neovascular ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Conversely, pro-angiogenic therapies stimulate vessel growth to improve vascularization in conditions like coronary artery disease and Alzheimer's disease, enhancing tissue perfusion and promoting regeneration. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on targeted modulation of angiogenesis, detailing therapeutic strategies, the mechanisms that regulate vascular homeostasis, and their implications for disease management.