Frontiers in immunology · 2026
IL-12-armed oncolytic HSV-2 enhances CAR T cell efficacy against pancreatic cancer in xenografted models.
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Xu Chongfeng, Wu Jian, Liu Weikang, Zhou Xiaoya, Liang Qian, Li Guoya, Wang Yang, Liu Yanliang, Cai Qiying, Tang Zilong, Tu Chunyi, Hu Han, Liu Binlei, Meng Shufang
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells show limited efficacy in solid tumors. Oncolytic viruses (OVs), especially those expressing immunomodulatory cytokines like interleukin-12 (IL-12), potentiate to synergize with CAR-T therapy.
METHODS: We integrated an IL-12-expressing oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 2 (oHSV-2-IL-12) with mesothelin-targeting SS1-ICOSBBZ-CAR-T to treat Capan-2 pancreatic cancer cells xenografts in B-NDG immunodeficient mice.
RESULTS: SS1-ICOSBBZ-CAR-T alone exhibited partial anti-tumor activity, but could not eradicate established tumors. Intra-tumoral oHSV-2-IL-12 administration potently enhanced CAR-T efficacy, achieving complete and durable tumor elimination even at reduced CAR-T doses. After the initial tumors were fully eliminated by combination therapy, mice were re-challenged by inoculating mesothelin-negative and mesothelin-positive tumor cell lines on the left and right flanks, respectively. In the combination treatment group, mesothelin-positive tumors failed to form new tumors within two weeks after re-challenge, whereas mesothelin-negative tumors grew normally. These findings indicate that oHSV-2-IL-12 combined with CAR-T therapy confers durable, antigen-specific protection against tumor re-challenge. Mechanistically, oHSV-2-IL-12 promoted CAR-T proliferation and persistence in peripheral blood and spleen. IL-12 expression also augmented the direct oncolytic effect of oHSV-2 in immunodeficient hosts.
DISCUSSION: This synergistic approach achieves durable potent tumor clearance with reduced CAR-T doses, offering a transformative strategy against pancreatic cancer and other challenging solid malignancies.
METHODS: We integrated an IL-12-expressing oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 2 (oHSV-2-IL-12) with mesothelin-targeting SS1-ICOSBBZ-CAR-T to treat Capan-2 pancreatic cancer cells xenografts in B-NDG immunodeficient mice.
RESULTS: SS1-ICOSBBZ-CAR-T alone exhibited partial anti-tumor activity, but could not eradicate established tumors. Intra-tumoral oHSV-2-IL-12 administration potently enhanced CAR-T efficacy, achieving complete and durable tumor elimination even at reduced CAR-T doses. After the initial tumors were fully eliminated by combination therapy, mice were re-challenged by inoculating mesothelin-negative and mesothelin-positive tumor cell lines on the left and right flanks, respectively. In the combination treatment group, mesothelin-positive tumors failed to form new tumors within two weeks after re-challenge, whereas mesothelin-negative tumors grew normally. These findings indicate that oHSV-2-IL-12 combined with CAR-T therapy confers durable, antigen-specific protection against tumor re-challenge. Mechanistically, oHSV-2-IL-12 promoted CAR-T proliferation and persistence in peripheral blood and spleen. IL-12 expression also augmented the direct oncolytic effect of oHSV-2 in immunodeficient hosts.
DISCUSSION: This synergistic approach achieves durable potent tumor clearance with reduced CAR-T doses, offering a transformative strategy against pancreatic cancer and other challenging solid malignancies.