Progress in the treatment of inflammatory diseases with gallic acid and its potential application in gynecological disorders.

Gallic acid (GA), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound abundant in plants such as pomegranates, grapes, and tea, exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory effects. In recent years, there has been significant research into the mechanisms by which GA influences inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, and neuroinflammation, as well as gynecological disorders like breast cancer, polycystic ovarian syndrome, cervical cancer. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic advancements of GA in inflammatory diseases, with a specific focus on its emerging applications in gynecological health. Additionally, it evaluates the challenges and future prospects of GA in translational medicine, incorporating insights from recent studies.