Therapeutic and clinical potential of thiolutin microneedles on Alzheimer's disease mitigation.

The long-term malfunctioning of brain in older people neurons is known as Alzheimer's disease (Alz-D), the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide. Pathophysiology of Alz-D includes, amyloid plaque, cholinergic neuron loss, choline acetyltransferase reduction, and tau fibrillary tangle progression. Several theories were also developed mainly involving the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but unfortunately, there is currently no medication that protects or regenerates neurons. Symptoms may include impairment in memory, speech, personality, verbal fluency, and progressive mental failure. Symptoms are managed with a variety of FDA-approved medications; however, researchers are still searching for new molecular targets to treat Alz-D in addition to working on drug development. Clinical trials for the treatment of Alz-D are among the various strategies being tried in the current scenario. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the key developments in Alz-D, and novel pharmacological therapies. Extensive review of various database, journals, books and websites are explored to select and analyse data based on pathophysiology, aetiology and different medications either approved or undergoing clinical trials, along with special emphasis on novel therapeutic approach; 'thiolutin' safety, efficacy, therapeutic outcomes, mode of action, structure activity relationship and molecular targets. We also emphasized on preparation of microneedle formulation of thiolutin to address its toxicity and to improve its efficacy. By utilizing microneedles nanomedicines and numerous novel approaches, currents study also aims to elucidate recent advancements and treatment options in future medicines.