Insights on the translocation, distribution, metabolism, and potential exposure risk of chlorfenapyr and the toxic metabolite tralopyril in soil-cultivated lettuce and the effect of chromium(VI).

Pesticides and heavy metals frequently coexist in vegetables. Consequently, it is crucial to concurrently investigate the behavior of pesticides and heavy metals in vegetables to ensure environment and food safety. This study examines the absorption and distribution of chlorfenapyr in lettuce, finding that it is primarily localized at the application site with limited upward and downward translocation. The presence of Cr(VI) enhances the accumulation and translocation of chlorfenapyr, as evidenced by increased concentrations, bioconcentration, and translocation factors. A minimal amount of tralopyril (< 0.08 mg/kg) was detected in lettuce, indicating a similar distribution potential for total chlorfenapyr. The exposure risk of chlorfenapyr for Chinese consumers is deemed acceptable, with risk quotients remaining below 100 % in lettuce samples collected five days post-application. These findings contribute valuable insights into the distribution and movement of chlorfenapyr and Cr(VI) in lettuce and inform the appropriate application of chlorfenapyr in agricultural practices.