JB & JS open access · 2025
Time-Dependent Limb Assessment of High-Energy Lower Extremity Trauma Improves Prediction of Amputation: A Secondary Analysis of the OUTLET Study.
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Stewart Christopher C, Reider Lisa, Thompson Austin R, Scheffler Aaron Wolfe, Namiri Nikan K, Agel Julie, O'Toole Robert V, Karunakar Madhav A, Potter Benjamin K, Bosse Michael J, Morshed Saam
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: The decision to reconstruct or amputate a limb after high-energy lower extremity trauma is influenced by time-dependent factors including evolution of the extent of injury and complications. The purpose of this study was to introduce a time-dependent classification of limb condition and assess its association with amputation.
METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of OUTLET, a multicenter study of participants aged 18 to 60 with a Gustilo-Anderson Type III pilon, talar, calcaneal, IIIB or C ankle fracture, or an open or closed blast/crush foot injury. The primary outcome was amputation within 18 months. The Orthopaedic Trauma Association Open Fracture Classification (OTA-OFC) was modified to score the evolving condition of the injured limb postoperatively throughout the treatment course to create a time-dependent OFC (OFC-P). Cox proportional hazards models were fit to estimate the hazard of amputation associated with OFC-P domains over time and compared with models using the baseline OTA-OFC.
RESULTS: 568 participants comprised the study sample, of which 99 underwent amputation. The average age was 38, 33% female, and 68% White. Using the least injured state (score = 1) as the referent, the highest adjusted hazard ratios for amputation were estimated for 2-point changes in the skin (6.1-fold; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.1-12.0), muscle (28-fold; 95% CI: 6.8-117), arterial (12.9-fold; 95% CI: 7.1-23.2), and contamination (7.2-fold; 95% CI: 2.9-18.0) domains of the OFC-P. When the relationship of the OFC-P with amputation was allowed to change after 2 weeks from injury, further improvements in model fit were found for skin (p = 0.03) and muscle domains (p = 0.005). The time-dependent models outperformed baseline models, with the largest effect sizes observed within 14 days after injury.
CONCLUSIONS: A longitudinal modification of the OTA-OFC is more strongly associated with amputation, especially among skin and muscle domains. Dynamic, quantitative limb viability assessment more accurately reflects clinical practice and patient management but requires prospective validation.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of OUTLET, a multicenter study of participants aged 18 to 60 with a Gustilo-Anderson Type III pilon, talar, calcaneal, IIIB or C ankle fracture, or an open or closed blast/crush foot injury. The primary outcome was amputation within 18 months. The Orthopaedic Trauma Association Open Fracture Classification (OTA-OFC) was modified to score the evolving condition of the injured limb postoperatively throughout the treatment course to create a time-dependent OFC (OFC-P). Cox proportional hazards models were fit to estimate the hazard of amputation associated with OFC-P domains over time and compared with models using the baseline OTA-OFC.
RESULTS: 568 participants comprised the study sample, of which 99 underwent amputation. The average age was 38, 33% female, and 68% White. Using the least injured state (score = 1) as the referent, the highest adjusted hazard ratios for amputation were estimated for 2-point changes in the skin (6.1-fold; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.1-12.0), muscle (28-fold; 95% CI: 6.8-117), arterial (12.9-fold; 95% CI: 7.1-23.2), and contamination (7.2-fold; 95% CI: 2.9-18.0) domains of the OFC-P. When the relationship of the OFC-P with amputation was allowed to change after 2 weeks from injury, further improvements in model fit were found for skin (p = 0.03) and muscle domains (p = 0.005). The time-dependent models outperformed baseline models, with the largest effect sizes observed within 14 days after injury.
CONCLUSIONS: A longitudinal modification of the OTA-OFC is more strongly associated with amputation, especially among skin and muscle domains. Dynamic, quantitative limb viability assessment more accurately reflects clinical practice and patient management but requires prospective validation.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.