Fundoscopy in cats: a practical guide and common findings.

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Comprehensive examination of the feline fundus should be in every clinician's arsenal. It is an integral part of both the physical and ophthalmic examination, especially in senior cats and in the presence of intraocular inflammation and visual impairment. Fundoscopy provides critical insight into a wide range of systemic diseases, often leading to quicker diagnoses and better treatment outcomes.

CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Practice is needed to become proficient and take high-quality photos of the retina. Distinguishing between normal variants and pathological findings can be challenging initially.

EVIDENCE BASE: This review includes information from published references of common retinal pathologies in cats, as well as the authors' extensive experience on performing fundoscopy.

EQUIPMENT: The essential tools for fundoscopy include a direct and indirect ophthalmoscope, condensing lens and a focal light source. High-quality images of the fundus can be achieved with any smartphone.

AUDIENCE: This review is aimed at veterinary clinicians and outlines all the steps and equipment needed to confidently perform fundoscopy. It also provides tips on how to capture photos of the fundus using a smartphone. Common findings are discussed in relation to different retinal pathologies.