Systematic and audiological indication criteria for bone conduction devices and active middle ear implants.

Certain patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss can benefit from bone-conduction hearing devices or active middle ear implants. Available devices differ in coupling site, energy transfer from the sound processor to the implant, and the active or passive actuator technology. The audiological benefit of those devices depends on the maximum stable power output and the noise floor of the device, the degree and expected stability of the sensorineural hearing loss and the coupling efficiency with the aim on achieving a minumum of 30-35 dB effective dynamic range. The choice of the device is often a trade-off between the optimal audiological solution with respect to the hearing loss, technical device-related parameters and the expected coupling efficiency, the optimal surgical solution with respect to patho-anatomical aspects, device dimensions and the coupling site, invasiveness or surgical risks, and other patient factors with respect to the patients' wish and expectations, social aspects, device usability and connectivity. This review article lists all currently available implantable and conventional bone-conduction hearing devices and active middle ear implants with respect to technical features like maximum power output, market availability, and the expected effective output dynamic range.