Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · 2026
Niobium pentoxide addition to 3D printing resin-based composites.
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Kehl Michaela Dos Santos, Balbinot Gabriela de Souza, Leitune Vicente Castelo Branco, Della Bona Alvaro, Collares Fabricio Mezzomo
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To formulate a 3D Resin Based Composites (RBCs) with Nb2O5 addition to induce mineral deposition, and evaluate its influence on mechanical, chemical, and biological properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experimental composite was formulated with UDMA (70 wt%), BisEMA (20 wt%), and TEGDMA (10 wt%). Barium glass (45 wt%) was used as an inorganic filler, and Nb2O5 was incorporated into the composites at 2 wt% and 5 wt%. 3D RBCs without Nb2O5 were used as a control. TPO (2 wt%) and diphenyl iodonium (1 wt%) were the photoinitiators. The degree of conversion, softening, and solvent, radiopacity, and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Flexural strength was tested following ISO 4049:2019. Mineral deposition was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy at the baseline and after 7, 14, and 28 days of artificial saliva immersion.
RESULTS: All materials showed a degree of conversion above 90%. Softening in solvent was not affected by Nb2O5 addition. Radiopacity results range from 0.9 mmAl to 1mmAl, with no influence of Nb2O5. Cytotoxicity assays showed cell viability above 70% for all compositions. Flexural strength exceeded 100 MPa for all groups, reaching the ISO 449:2019 requirements. Mineral deposition analysis showed increased phosphate ion deposition in the 3D RBC with 2% and 5% Nb2O5, from early timepoints when compared to the control group.
CONCLUSION: The addition of up to 5 wt% of Nb2O5 on an experimental 3D RBC stimulated the mineral deposition of phosphate ions on the material surfaces without reducing the chemical, mechanical, and biological properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experimental composite was formulated with UDMA (70 wt%), BisEMA (20 wt%), and TEGDMA (10 wt%). Barium glass (45 wt%) was used as an inorganic filler, and Nb2O5 was incorporated into the composites at 2 wt% and 5 wt%. 3D RBCs without Nb2O5 were used as a control. TPO (2 wt%) and diphenyl iodonium (1 wt%) were the photoinitiators. The degree of conversion, softening, and solvent, radiopacity, and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Flexural strength was tested following ISO 4049:2019. Mineral deposition was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy at the baseline and after 7, 14, and 28 days of artificial saliva immersion.
RESULTS: All materials showed a degree of conversion above 90%. Softening in solvent was not affected by Nb2O5 addition. Radiopacity results range from 0.9 mmAl to 1mmAl, with no influence of Nb2O5. Cytotoxicity assays showed cell viability above 70% for all compositions. Flexural strength exceeded 100 MPa for all groups, reaching the ISO 449:2019 requirements. Mineral deposition analysis showed increased phosphate ion deposition in the 3D RBC with 2% and 5% Nb2O5, from early timepoints when compared to the control group.
CONCLUSION: The addition of up to 5 wt% of Nb2O5 on an experimental 3D RBC stimulated the mineral deposition of phosphate ions on the material surfaces without reducing the chemical, mechanical, and biological properties.