Solvent-Free Dual-Curable Waterborne Polyurethane Adhesives Based on Vanillin and Acrylate Monomers.

To address the trade-off between storage stability and curing reactivity in NCO-terminated waterborne polyurethane (WPU) systems, a solvent-free WPU emulsion with dual-curing characteristics was developed using vanillin (VAN) and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate/pentaerythritol triacrylate (HEA/PETA). Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butyric acid (DMBA) were used as the isocyanate component and internal hydrophilic moiety, respectively, to prepare a self-dispersible polyurethane prepolymer. VAN was introduced as a latent isocyanate-related component, while HEA/PETA served as acrylate-bearing reactive modifiers, followed by self-emulsification to form a stable aqueous dispersion. The prepolymer structure, curing behavior, and adhesive performance on bamboo substrates were systematically investigated. The results supported the successful introduction of VAN-derived structures into the polyurethane chains and the retention of polymerizable C=C bonds from HEA/PETA. Thermal analysis suggested dual-curing behavior with two distinguishable thermal events, involving lower-temperature polymerization of unsaturated groups and a VAN-related higher-temperature reaction. The resulting WPU exhibited dry and wet shear strengths above 23 MPa and 9 MPa, respectively. These findings demonstrate a feasible strategy for integrating emulsion stability, staged curing, and adhesive performance in solvent-free WPU systems.