Oligodendroglia in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, in which aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG) targets the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) localized at astrocytic endfeet, thus triggering inflammatory lesions and tissue damage. The pathological characteristics of NMOSD are early loss of oligodendrocytes, extensive demyelination, and axonal injury. The pathogenesis of oligodendrocyte damage in NMOSD includes complement-dependent bystander effect, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity bystander effect, glutamate toxicity, connexin dysregulation, and blood-brain barrier disruption. Remyelination levels in acute NMOSD lesions are low.