Neuromodulation techniques for the treatment of spinal cord injury: current progress, challenges, and future prospects.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is considered one of the key factors leading to severe loss of motor and sensory function, which has a profound negative impact on the quality of life of patients. With the continuous development of medical technology, neurostimulation techniques have gradually shown their importance in treating spinal cord injuries, demonstrating the potential for positive effects on functional recovery. Currently, various neurostimulation methods, including electrical stimulation, drug therapy, and biofeedback, have been employed in clinical research on spinal cord injury. Although we have achieved certain progress, there are still many unresolved mysteries regarding the performance and mechanisms of these technologies in actual clinical applications. At the same time, challenges such as individual differences and treatment efficacy evaluation also arise in clinical practice. This study aims to comprehensively review the latest research advancements in spinal cord injury neurostimulation technologies, explore their practical applications and related mechanisms in the process of functional recovery, and analyze potential future research directions, to provide innovative ideas and strategies for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.