Decoding sialidase: physiological roles, pathological pathways, and clinical opportunities.

This review critically examines pathological dysregulation of sialidase across genetic syndromes, infectious pathogens, inflammatory/autoimmune disorders, malignant transformations, and neurodegenerative cascades, revealing molecular mechanisms that bridge physiological homeostasis to disease pathogenesis. The translational potential is emphasized through its emerging utility as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target, with frank discussion of current challenges in clinical translation-including specificity hurdles, delivery systems, and biomarker validation-and future directions for precision medicine applications. By integrating mechanistic insights with translational strategies, this work provides a roadmap for harnessing sialidase biology to advance prevention, diagnosis, and treatment paradigms for diverse human diseases, offering therapeutic opportunities at the intersection of basic science and clinical innovation.