Polycyclic musks in water, seafood, and agricultural food products: Recent updates on pretreatment and analytical methods.

Polycyclic musks (PCMs) easily accumulate in seafoods, vegetables and other various foods and enter body via food chain, posing health risks like cancer and neural development issues. Therefore, detecting PCMs in food is crucial. This review examines recent advances in pretreatment methods, particularly novel adsorbent materials in SPE and SPME, and GC-based analytical techniques since 2017. The development of SPE has advanced due to automation, miniaturization, and new sorbents like graphene. Recent progress in SPME includes novel adsorbents such as covalent organic frameworks and metal-organic frameworks. GC methods for PCM analysis have been explored, and new sensor detectors using carbon-based and polymer materials offer high sensitivity and selectivity. The pros and cons of each method are compared, and challenges and future research needs for PCM preparation and detection are reviewed for further study.