A Review Article on Oxidative Stress Markers F2-Isoprostanes and Presenilin-1 in Alzheimer's Disease.

Amyloid-beta plaque and tau tangle buildup lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD), a brain disorder that causes ongoing mental decline. More and more studies show that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in how AD develops and progresses. This review focuses on presenilin-1 (PSEN1) and F2-isoprostanes, two key indicators of oxidative stress. F2-isoprostanes, which come from damaged fats, appear in much higher levels in people with AD. These substances link to more brain inflammation, nerve cell death, and problems with thinking and memory. Processing of the amyloid precursor protein is dependent on presenilin-1, one of the main components of the γ-secretase complex. It has been shown that mutations in PSEN1, an important gene for familial AD, augment oxidative stress and malfunction of mitochondria, which further aggravates neuronal damage. In this article, the role of F2-isoprostanes and PSEN1 in oxidative stress pathways leading to AD and how their interaction makes the disease worse has been investigated. The contribution of presenilin-1 (PSEN1) and oxidative stress markers, such as F2-isoprostanes, to AD underscores a crucial link in understanding such a complex neurodegenerative pathology. F2-isoprostanes are valuable biomarkers of oxidative stress linked to the severity of illness and cognitive impairment.