Language, speech, and hearing services in schools · 2026
A Comparison of Internal State Verb Production in Fictional and Personal Narratives Elicited via Multilingual Assessment Instrument of Narratives and Global Talking About Lived Experiences in Stories.
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Bauer Elna, Schmidt Angela, Westerveld Marleen, Gagarina Natalia
Аннотация
PURPOSE: Internal state verbs and verb constructions (ISVs) play a central role in representing internal states, such as feelings or intentions, and are therefore frequently used when narrating fictional or personal narratives. This study aimed to compare the use of ISVs in German-speaking preschoolers across five ISV categories in two narrative genres: fictional and personal narratives.
METHOD: Twenty-one typically developing German-speaking preschoolers, ages 4;3 (years;months) to 7;0, produced two fictional narratives, consisting of three episodes each, elicited via the Multilingual Assessment Instrument of Narratives (MAIN), and six personal narratives using the Global TALES (Talking About Lived Experiences in Stories) protocol. The presentation of the tasks was counterbalanced. ISVs were classified into five categories of internal states (experiential, emotional, motivational, cognitive, and socio-relational). The relative use of ISV types and tokens per story was analyzed. Regression models were fitted as Bayesian multilevel binomial models.
RESULTS: Preschoolers' use of ISVs was sparse but meaningfully patterned by ISV category and narrative genre. There was no effect of narrative genre on overall ISV use. However, ISV category revealed meaningful effects for experiential, socio-relational, and cognitive verbs. As predicted, experiential and motivational verbs were used more frequently in fictional narratives than personal narratives, while emotion and cognitive verbs showed the opposite pattern, with greater usage in personal narratives. For socio-relational verbs, no significant interaction was observed.
CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study is the first to investigate the impact of narrative genre and a classification into five ISV categories on the production of ISVs in the narratives of German-speaking preschoolers using globally accessible fictional and personal narrative elicitation tools. The results from this study may be of use to clinicians worldwide when selecting a narrative assessment tool to investigate children's production of ISVs.
METHOD: Twenty-one typically developing German-speaking preschoolers, ages 4;3 (years;months) to 7;0, produced two fictional narratives, consisting of three episodes each, elicited via the Multilingual Assessment Instrument of Narratives (MAIN), and six personal narratives using the Global TALES (Talking About Lived Experiences in Stories) protocol. The presentation of the tasks was counterbalanced. ISVs were classified into five categories of internal states (experiential, emotional, motivational, cognitive, and socio-relational). The relative use of ISV types and tokens per story was analyzed. Regression models were fitted as Bayesian multilevel binomial models.
RESULTS: Preschoolers' use of ISVs was sparse but meaningfully patterned by ISV category and narrative genre. There was no effect of narrative genre on overall ISV use. However, ISV category revealed meaningful effects for experiential, socio-relational, and cognitive verbs. As predicted, experiential and motivational verbs were used more frequently in fictional narratives than personal narratives, while emotion and cognitive verbs showed the opposite pattern, with greater usage in personal narratives. For socio-relational verbs, no significant interaction was observed.
CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study is the first to investigate the impact of narrative genre and a classification into five ISV categories on the production of ISVs in the narratives of German-speaking preschoolers using globally accessible fictional and personal narrative elicitation tools. The results from this study may be of use to clinicians worldwide when selecting a narrative assessment tool to investigate children's production of ISVs.