Altitude and Breathing during Sleep in Healthy Persons and Sleep Disordered Patients: A Systematic Review.

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a type of dilated cardiomyopathy unrelated to ischemia, which develops as a consequence of chronic alcohol consumption. While ethanol-induced irreversible cardiomyocyte death is implicated in ACM development and progression, the precise molecular mechanisms involved are still obscure. In the current study, we demonstrate that ethanol exposure promotes receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) autophosphorylation and enhances pRIPK1-associated apoptosis and necroptosis in ACM models both in vivo and in vitro. Through co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, we identified ubiquitin-specific protease 53 (USP53) as a pivotal deubiquitinase involved in modulating RIPK1 activation following ethanol stimulation in cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, we found that ethanol induced up-regulation of USP53 via transcriptional induction by early growth response 1 (EGR1). Subsequently, USP53 interacted with the intermediate domain of RIPK1 and removed K63-linked ubiquitination at lysine-377 (K377), facilitating RIPK1 phosphorylation and triggering downstream apoptotic and necroptotic pathways in cardiac cells. Further, alcohol-fed cardiomyocyte-specific USP53 knockout (USP53CKO) mice exhibited improved survival rates and less cardiomyocyte death in hearts compared with the control group. Our study identifies USP53 as a novel regulator of RIPK1-dependent cell death and advances our understanding of the mechanistic pathways of ACM. These results highlight the USP53-RIPK1 signaling axis as a potential therapeutic target for mitigating ACM progression.