Antibiotic resistomes and ecological risk elimination in field-scale constructed wetland revealed by integrated metagenomics and metatranscriptomics.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are identified as significant ecological systems for the potential control of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. However, the precise mechanisms governing removal, persistence, expression, and associated risks of ARGs during wetland treatment remain poorly understood. In this study, the distribution, mobility, expression, and hosts of ARGs in water, sediments, and plants of a field-scale CW and its parallel natural river were systematically investigated through metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches. Results showed that both the abundance and diversity of ARGs in water gradually decreased along the way of CW, reaching a final abundance removal rate of 72.28 % in the effluent. Source tracking analysis indicted that the reduction of ARGs in water was mainly achieved by the dynamic accumulation of ARGs in sediments and plants of the CW. Proteobacteria were identified as primary hosts for ARGs, particularly in sediments and plants during CW treatment. Moreover, although ESKAPE pathogens carrying multiple ARGs persisted in all media throughout the CW treatment, ARG expression levels and risk of water were also significantly decreased after CW treatment. Collectively, our comprehensive multi-omics study would enhance the understanding of ARG removal by CWs, offering insights for controlling antimicrobial resistance in wastewater treatment system.